GERMAN COMPOSITION.

[1] Grundsatz, m.

[2] to begin, an´fangen. When the Infinitive is used either subjectively or objectively, it is generally preceded by the preposition zu, and is called Supine. Comp. S. 78, N. 14, 1. To form the Supine Present of compound separable verbs, like an´fangen, we must place the preposition zu between the separable prefix and the verb. The Supine must be used here. See App. § 1.

[3] to finish, beendigen. The Supine is generally used for rendering the English Gerund (i.e. the verbal in -ing) when the latter is governed by a preposition, though, sometimes, this form may be rendered by the help of the subordinative conjunction daß and a finite verb (i.e. one with a personal termination); as—

Use the Supine, which is always to be placed at the end of the clause.

[4] To consider a thing finished, eine Sache als beendigt betrachten. The pronoun ‘it’ should begin the clause. See App. § 2.

[5] without — it, ohne mit dem Inhalt desselben vertraut zu sein.

[6] to study, studie´ren.

[7] with — mind = with undivided attention.

[1] Here the verb is in the Passive Voice. Remember that the German Passive Voice is formed by the auxiliary werden. The verb is in the Passive Voice whenever the subject is suffering the action expressed by the verb; as—

To put a question to a person, einem eine Frage vor´legen.

[2] in writing, schriftlich, which place before the p. p. (App. § 1).

[3] boy = pupil.

[4] Taubstummenanstalt, f.; render ‘in the’ by the gen. of the def. art.; at = in.

[1] ‘action’, here = operation, Wirkung, f.

[2] Use the gen. of the def. art. The definite article is always required before nouns representing the whole of a given class, and before abstract nouns taken in a general sense.

[3] on = upon.

[4] food = victuals, Speisen, pl.

[5] This sentence must be construed in a somewhat different way; say: ‘Without the agency (Vermittelung, f.) of water, no food (Nahrung, f.) would be conveyed into the body,’ würde dem Körper keine Nahrung zu´geführt werden.

[6] everything = all.

[7] ‘that’, here was. The indefinite relative pronoun was is the pronoun generally required after the indefinite numerals alles, etwas, manches, nichts, viel, and wenig, after the indefinite demonstrative pronoun das, and also after a superlative used substantively; as Das Schönste, was ich habe.

[8] ‘To take’, when used of food, may be rendered by essen, trinken, or genießen, which latter verb should be used here.

[9] ‘nothing — food’, may be briefly rendered by ‘keine genossene Speise‘.

[10] can — nutriment = can serve as nutriment (Ernährung, f.). The verb dienen requires the prep. zu, which governs the dat. and must here be contracted with the def. art. into zur: see N. 2.

[11] that — water = before (ehe, see App. § 17) the same (f.) is dissolved in water.

[1] Of — it, Wozu nützt es?

[2] ‘When’, referring to definite time of the Past, must always be rendered by ‘als’.

[3] of the identity, von der Identität, f.; see S. 3, N. 2.

[4] When the agent from which the action proceeds is not mentioned, the English Passive Voice is often rendered by a reflective verb, or by the indefinite pronoun man and a verb in the Active Voice; as—

Say ‘people (man) sneered at it.’

[3]

[5] A. To sneer at something, über etwas spotten; B. ‘at it’ = there at, darüber. The English pronouns ‘it’, ‘them’, ‘that’, and ‘those’, dependent on a preposition governing in German the dative or accusative, are generally to be rendered by the pronominal adverb ‘da’ in combination with a corresponding preposition. This is always the case when ‘it’ and ‘that’, in connection with a preposition are used indefinitely, and frequently when either of these pronouns refers to a noun representing an inanimate object or an abstract idea. The letter r is inserted between the adverb da and the preposition, whenever the latter begins with a vowel.

[6] To — was = Upon this (Hierauf) he (inverted constr., see App. § 14) gave the following striking (treffend) answer.

[7] may = can; to become a man, zum Manne werden.

[1] wealth, Reichtum, m., see S. 3, N. 2.

[2] after all ... but, doch immer nur; a — thing, etwas Relatives.

[3] When the subject, which may be preceded by its attributes, occupies the first place in a principal clause, either the copula or the verb must follow immediately.

[4] to have = to possess.

[5] ‘to want’, here bedürfen.

[1] See S. 4, N. 2.

[2] The preposition ‘on’, signifying ‘on the occasion of’, must be rendered by ‘bei’. ‘Performance’, Aufführung, f.

[3] Use the gen. of the def. art.; Elijah, Elias.

[4] ‘to be about’, im Begriff sein. ‘To be about’ may also be rendered by the auxiliary verb of mood wollen and the infinitive of another verb; as—

[5] ‘to enter’, betreten, see S. 1, N. 2.

[6] Since the subordinate clause precedes the principal clause, the construction of the principal clause must be inverted, see App. § 15.

[7] to — critics, say ‘to a friend and critic’, Rezensent, m.

[8] ‘Stick — me!’ This metaphor must be rendered freely by: Packen Sie mich nur tüchtig an!

[9] tell = say; to like = to please, with the dat. of the person.

[10] The co-ordinative conjunction ‘but’ must be rendered by ‘sondern’, when, after a negative statement, the subsequent clause expresses an idea altogether contrary to that of its antecedent.

[1] ‘to be’, here = to signify, heißen.

[2] is — saying = signifies only in (mit) other words. ‘Das Wort’ has two plural forms with a different meaning to each: die Wörter, single, unconnected words; die Worte, words connected into speech.

[3] A. Whilst the English Perfect Participle (commonly called Past Participle) is placed both before and after the noun it qualifies, the German Past Participle used attributively, as a rule, precedes the qualified noun; as—

B. Clauses containing a Perfect Participle, however, may also be rendered by the help of a relative pronoun. Thus rendered, the preceding sentence would read:

Wir trafen ein Schiff, welches nach Bremen bestimmt war;

but the first rendering is certainly more concise than the second, and it is to be preferred in all cases where the attributive construction would not be too lengthy. ‘A wrong once forgiven’, say ‘A forgiven wrong’, and mark that: When Participles are used attributively, and precede the noun they qualify, they must be inflected like adjectives.

[4] render ‘ought’ by the imperfect of sollen.

[5] like, wie.

[6] note, Schuldschein, m.; to tear in two, zerrei´ßen; to burn up, verbren´nen. According to the rule given in N. 3, the participles of these two verbs have to be placed before the noun ‘note’, which they qualify.

[7] ‘so — man’, say ‘which never again can be used against the debtor’. According to the hint given in S. 2, N. 1, the verb is in the passive voice, and since the clause is a subordinate one, the verbs must stand at the end of the clause. Place the p. p. first, and the copula (can) last.

[1] ‘Is — has?’ say ‘Does it consist in that which (see S. 3, N. 7) we possess?’ The prep. ‘in’ here governs the dat. Read again S. 4, N. 5, B, and notice that, when the demonstrative pronouns ‘that’ and ‘those’ are followed by a relative pronoun, they cannot be rendered by the adverb ‘da’ in combination with a preceding preposition; as—

[2] See S. 2, N. 1; ‘to count’, here schätzen.

[3] by = nach.

[4] Wertpapiere.

[5] Aktien.

[6] Ländereien.

[7] ‘Capital — is’. The literal translation of this sentence would read very awkwardly in German, say ‘Our capital does not consist in that which we possess, but (S. 6, N. 10) in that which we are.’

[8] Character = A good reputation.

[9] ‘is’, here ist.

[10] Ehrenhaftigkeit, f.

[1] Lebensregel, f.

[2] ‘alike ... and’, sowohl ... wie auch.

[3] to be remarkable for something, sich durch etwas aus´zeichnen.

[4] his — business, schnelle Erledigung seiner Amtsgeschäfte.

[5] constant — amusement, regelmäßiger Besuch öffentlicher Vergnügungsorte. The prep. durch, which requires the acc., must be repeated at the beginning of this clause.

[6] ‘being — replied’; this sentence requires an entirely different construction in German, say ‘answered upon the question, how (App. § 16) he made it possible to combine both (neuter sing.)’. To combine, vereinigen. The verb ‘to make’ must be placed in the Present Subjunctive, since the clause contains an indirect question. Read carefully App. §§ 28 and 30.

[7] Simply — to-morrow, Einfach dadurch, daß ich nie auf morgen verschiebe.

[8] ‘to do’, here erledigen. See S. 2, N. 1, and place the verbs in the order pointed out in S. 7, N. 7.

[1] rule = reign.

[2] Use the gen. of the def. art. The definite article is used in German before names of persons when preceded by an adjective or a common name; as—

[3] happiness = well-being, Wohlfahrt, f. ‘Victoria’s rule’, say ‘the reign of Queen Victoria’.

[4] to guarantee, gewähren.

[5] are part = form a part.

[6] I bless = I thank.

[7] share = lot.

[8] shall = can.

[9] Freiheit des Handelns. Repeat the article before the two following nouns. In German the articles, possessive adjective pronouns, and other determinative words must be repeated when they are used in reference to several nouns of different gender or number, whilst in English they are only required before the first noun.

[10] Insert ‘and’ before ‘speech’, Rede, f., and place the verb finden immediately after that noun.

[11] Substitute the words ‘and where’ for the word ‘or’.

[12] gut.

[1] creature, Wesen, n.; strengthen the superlative of the adjective by placing ‘aller’ before it, forming one compound expression, analogous to: Die aller schönste Blume, the finest flower (of all).

[6]

[2] ‘by concentrating his powers’, durch Konzentration seiner Kräfte; to accomplish something, etwas zustande bringen. Use the adverbial expression ‘at least’ before ‘something’, which will give more force to the German rendering.

[3] The copula ‘can’ must be placed immediately after the subject and its attributes, as has been pointed out in S. 5, N. 2.

[4] The strongest — fail, Dem Stärksten hingegen wird es durch Zersplitterung seiner Kräfte nicht gelingen.

[5] anything, auch nur das Geringste.

[6] continual, unablässig, adj.

[7] To render ‘falling’, form a noun of the verb ‘fallen’. The German language makes frequent use of the Infinitive Present of verbs to form abstract nouns, whilst the English language uses the Verbal in -ing for that purpose. Such nouns are always of the neuter gender; as das Gehen, going; das Essen und Trinken, eating and drinking.

[8] to bore one’s passage, sich einen Weg bohren. Place the verb according to S. 5, N. 2; the adverbial clause ‘by continually falling’ must follow it.

[9] hasty, ungestüm; torrent, Strom, m.

[10] to rush over something, über etwas hinweg´stürzen; ‘rushes — uproar’, say ‘rushes with hideous (entsetzlich) uproar (Getöse) over the same.’

[1] Kaltblütigkeit, f.

[2] Place the genitive after the governing noun, and say: ‘Of (Von) the perfect coolness of the Duke of Wellington.’ Perfect = great.

[3] ‘on — occasions’ = in the most dangerous (gefahrvoll) situations.

[4] to give = to relate. See App. § 14 for the construction. ‘This instance’ = the following example.

[5] ‘to be’, here sich befinden.

[6] Construe according to S. 1, N. 3.

[7] Schlafenszeit, f.

[8] vorüber.

[9] to take off, aus´ziehen, see S. 1, N. 2.

[1] Religionsduldung, f.

[2] ‘When’, here?

[3] attempted to = would, impf. of wollen.

[4] Say ‘the king Stephen of Poland’. König Stephan von Bathori regierte von 1576-1586.

[5] zwingen. Place the verb after the relative clause, since the relative pronoun should follow its antecedent as closely as possible.

[6] ‘who — religion’, say ‘who belonged to another religion’.

[7] to embrace = to accept.

[8] ‘to say’, here ‘to reply’, entgegnen.

[9] I — men = I rule (herrschen) over men.

[10] of = over.

[11] This noun is not used in the plural in German. See S. 3, N. 2.

[12] ‘The — God’, say ‘God alone rules over consciences (sing.)’.

[1] Hugh Miller wurde am 10ᵗᵉⁿ Oktober 1802 von armen Eltern zu Cromarty in Schottland geboren. Er arbeitete 15 Jahre als gemeiner Steinbrecher, beschäftigte sich jedoch während jener Zeit mit litterarischen und wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten, besonders mit der Geologie, der er ganz neue Bahnen eröffnete. Durch seine Werke hat er sich in der Wissenschaft einen unsterblichen Namen erworben, und als er am 24ˢᵗᵉⁿ Dezember 1856 starb, verlor Schottland in ihm einen seiner besten Söhne, und die Geologie einen ihrer beredtesten und ergebensten Lehrer.

[2] Contrary to English construction, the indefinite article is not used in German in stating the business or profession of a person; as—

Exception: When the noun denoting the business or profession is preceded by an adjective, the indefinite article is used in German, as in English:

[3] When a Proper Name is used in the Genitive Case, it is generally placed before the governing noun, as in English: Schiller’s poems, Schillers Gedichte.

[4] Wißbegierde, f.

[5] How is the Passive Voice to be recognised? ‘To excite’, here lebhaft an´regen; construe accord. to S. 13, N. 5.

[6] aus´gestorben.

[7] in — sandstone, in einem alten Rotsandsteinlager; on which = where.

[8] ‘to inquire’, here Nachforschungen anstellen.

[9] ‘to make’ requires here the prep. zu contracted with the def. art.; ‘that — geologist’, machte mich schließlich auch zum Geologen.

[1] Die Extreme berühren sich.

[2] the festival at Olympia, die Olympischen Feste. Diese berühmten Feste, auch Olympische Spiele genannt, wurden in jedem fünften Jahre am ersten Vollmond nach der Sonnenwende (Anfang Juli) bei Olympia zu Ehren des Zeus gefeiert. Sie dauerten fünf Tage und bestanden in Wettrennen (zu Wagen, zu Pferd und zu Fuß) und in gymnastischen Spielen aller Art.

[3] Contrary to English practice, the comma is, as a rule, not used in German to enclose adverbs or adverbial clauses of time, manner, and place.

[4] ‘to see’, here erblicken, which place after ‘Rhodes’; young men = youths; ‘of’, here aus; Rhodes, Rhodus.

[5] ‘arrayed — magnificently’. Turn these words into a relative clause, and say: ‘which were most magnificently (aufs prächtigste) arrayed (schmücken)’, according to the rule given in S. 7, N. 3, B.

[6] to meet with a person, einem begegnen. Place the subject immediately after ‘when’. The Lacedæmonian, der Lazedämonier.

[7] armselig.

[8] zerlumpt.

[1] Armselige Bezahlung.

[2] Die Schlacht bei Blindheim (Engl. ‘Blenheim’) wurde am 13ᵗᵉⁿ August 1704 von dem Herzog von Marlborough in Verbindung mit dem östereichischen Prinzen Eugen gegen die Franzosen gefochten. Blindheim ist ein kleines bayerisches Dorf bei Höchstädt, an der Donau. Die Schlacht wurde zu gunsten der Verbündeten entschieden, und der Herzog von Marlborough erhielt für diesen glänzenden Sieg von der Königin Anna ein prachtvolles Schloß (Blenheim House) bei Woodstock in Oxfordshire zum Geschenk.

[3] Place the verb ‘observed’ after the noun ‘soldier’.

[4] ‘leaning — musket’. This passage must be changed into a relative clause, thus: ‘who leant (sich stützen) pensively (gedankenvoll) upon the butt-end (Kolben, m.) of his musket’, for: Sentences containing a Present Participle which qualifies a preceding noun or pronoun, are generally turned into relative clauses; as—

[5] to accost, anreden; thus, folgendermaßen.

[6] here ‘nachdenkend’ in order to avoid the repetition of the same word.

[7] so ... a, ein ... so.

[8] Make the word ‘glorious’ emphatic by placing it at the head of the clause, and see App. § 14. Insert the adverb ‘wohl’ between the subject and the verb ‘be’, which will render the sentence more idiomatic.

[9] but — thinking, aber ich bedenke.

[10] Supply the relative pronoun ‘which’, for: The relative pronoun can never be omitted in German; to spill, vergießen.

[11] this day = to-day.

[12] This work has only earned me a shilling, diese Arbeit hat mir nur einen Schilling eingebracht.

[1] We — certain. Wir können uns ziemlich sicher darauf verlassen.

[2] persons — ill = those who have to suffer from everybody.

[3] vollkommen.

[4] they get, welche ihnen zuteil wird.

[5] to give back the reflection = to reflect, zurück´werfen; every man, jeder; face = image.

[6] to frown at a person, here ‘einen mürrisch an´blicken’; use the second pers. sing.

[7] and — you, und sie wird auch auf dich verdrießlich hernie´derschauen.

[8] ‘Laugh at it’ seems to be used here in the sense of: ‘Smile at it’. Say: ‘Smile at it, laugh with it’, etc. ‘To smile at a person’, here ‘einen freundlich an´blicken’.

[9] ‘and — is’, say: ‘and it will be for thee (dir)’.

[10] Gefährtin.

[1] Say ‘Give God alone the honour’.

[2] to apply to a person on behalf of somebody, sich bei einem für jemand verwenden.

[3] Menschenfreund, m.

[4] To avoid ambiguity turn the pron. ‘he’ here by ‘Reynolds’.

[5] ‘liberally’, here reichlich.

[6] The conjunction ‘when’, used in the sense of ‘whenever’, and referring to indefinite time, must be rendered by ‘wenn’ (compare S. 4, N. 2); as—

[7] The verb ‘lehren’, to teach, requires the accusative of the person. Render the sentence ‘I — benefactor’ by ‘I will teach him to be thankful to his benefactor’.

[8] Halt´!

[9] to be mistaken, sich irren.

[10] Teach — higher, Lehre ihn höher blicken.

[11] The pronoun ‘Him’ is here used as a demonstr. pron.; ‘both ... and’, sowohl ... wie auch; ‘to give’, here = to send.

[1] G. D. Cüvier, berühmter französischer Naturforscher (1769-1832), erhob die vergleichende Anatomie zuerst zur Wissenschaft.

[2] one day, eines Tages; one morning, eines Morgens; one evening, eines Abends, etc.

[3] to stroll along the sands, an der Küste umher´schlendern, ‘near’, here von.

[4] die Normandie, always used with the def. art.

[5] ‘lying — beach’, say ‘which the sea had washed (spülen) upon the beach’. (See App. § 17.)

[6] to be attracted by something, sich durch etwas an´gezogen fühlen; ‘object’, here ‘creature’.

[7] The Supine is used to express purpose, and must be employed whenever the English ‘to’ is used in the meaning of ‘in order to’, or ‘for the purpose of’; clauses of this sort are generally introduced by the conjunction ‘um’; as—

[8] ‘and — historian’, say ‘began (an´fangen) to study the mollusca, and became finally (schließlich) one of the greatest natural historians’. Mollusca, Mollusken or Weichtiere.

[1] ‘of books’, here der Lektüre.

[2] A. The verbs ‘to be fond of’ and ‘to like’ are often rendered by the auxiliary verb of mood ‘mögen’, either with or without the adverb ‘gerne’ or ‘gern’ (willingly), which is used to intensify its signification; as—

B. But the adverb gerne or gern in itself denotes liking and fondness, and is therefore the general translation of the verbs ‘to be fond of’ or ‘to like’ when used with the infinitive of other verbs; as—

Construe the above clause accord. to the last example given.

[3] acquaintances = friends; I am desirous of becoming = I wish to become (App. § 19). The insertion of the adverb ‘noch’ before the comparative will greatly improve the rendering of this clause.

[4] to suspect = to believe.

[5] ‘nine times out of ten’ may be briefly rendered by the adverbial expression meistenteils, which place immediately after the subject of the subordinate clause.

[6] profitable, nützlich; ‘if — agreeable’, say ‘if not even (gar) more agreeable’; ‘over again’, here noch einmal.

[7] ‘than — time’, say ‘than to occupy oneself (sich beschäftigen) with a new one’. This periphrase is necessary to avoid a monotonous repetition in German.

[1] Thatsache, f.

[2] See S. 5, N. 2, and place the adverb after the verb; ‘result’, Resultat, n.

[3] Luigi Galvani, italienischer Anatom, entdeckte 1780 den Galvanismus. ‘When — discovered’, say ‘When Galvani made the discovery’.

[4] ‘leg’, here Schenkel, m.; to twitch, in Zuckungen geraten; when placed = when (S. 18, N. 6) the same was (S. 2, N. 1) brought.

[5] it — imagined, hätte man sich kaum vorstellen können; ‘that so apparently ... a’, daß eine scheinbar so.

[6] zum.

[7] which — together, welcher die Geister der Kontinente mit einander verbindet; before — elapse = in a few years.

[8] See App. § 16.

[9] to put a girdle round the globe, einen Gürtel rings um die Erde ziehen. ‘Rings um die Erde zieh’ ich einen Gürtel in viermal zehn Minuten.’ Puck, Sommernachtstraum.

[1] Der Hafer, which noun is never used in the plural.

[2] whole, ungemahlen; to use, benutzen; food for horses, Pferdefutter, n.

[3] Ground — meal, zu Mehl vermahlen; they — used = one uses (gebrauchen) it (m.). see S. 4, N. 4; ‘country’, here Gegend.

[4] for — cakes, um Mehlsuppe und Kuchen daraus zu machen.

[5] ‘As — hardy’, say ‘The plant is extremely hardy (kräftig)’.

[6] could — productive = would thrive.

[7] For — reason, Daher, adv., App. § 14. Render the pron. ‘it’ by ‘der Hafer’; a favourite crop, das Hauptgetreide.

[8] in Nord- und Mittelasien.

[1] Frühlingsblüten.

[2] vergänglich.

[3] Auf; to embellish, schmücken.

[4] spreading = and spread; as it were, gleichsam.

[5] ‘every — hedge’, say ‘hedges and trees’.

[6] wirklich; as — only, als hätte die Natur ihnen nur das Dasein verliehen.

[7] ‘Yet — tree’, say ‘They are however the lovely messengers (Vorboten) of a fruitful (fruchtreich) tree’.

[8] solemn lesson, ernste Wahrheit.

[9] that — perish, daß alles Schöne auf Erden der Vergänglichkeit geweiht ist.

[10] ‘and — grave’, say ‘and like the blossoms must (App. § 18) glide (sinken) into an early grave’.

[1] Das Öffnen und Schließen der Augenlider.

[2] ‘The — one’, say ‘The opening and closing of the eyelid (pl.) is of great importance.

[3] outside window = street window.

[4] trübe.

[5] Ladenhüter; supply the adv. ‘therefore’ after the verb ‘cleans’, and place the object last of all.

[6] ‘must — them’, say ‘must (dürfen) never suffer (erleiden) even (selbst) the smallest speck, the least dimness (Trübung).

[7] das sich öffnende und schließende Augenlid; ‘apprentice’, here Ladenbursche.

[8] but — day, nein, den ganzen Tag hindurch.

[9] Augenglas.

[10] genau betrachtet; the subject should be placed immediately after the conjunction ‘that’; little = not much; to be badly off, schlimm daran sein.

[11] who — moment, welche Augen und Gesicht jeden Augenblick baden und waschen.

[1] Place the subject immediately after the conj. ‘that’.

[2] Aristippus aus Cyrene wurde (380 v. Chr.) Stifter der cyrenaischen Philosophenschule, welche die Lehre aufstellte, daß das höchste Glück des Menschen im sinnlichen und geistigen Vergnügen zu suchen sei. Aristippus war ein Zeitgenosse des Socrates und der einzige Philosoph seiner Zeit, der sich seine Vorträge mit Geld bezahlen ließ. Äschines war ein Nebenbuhler und Gegner des Demostenes, wurde (389 v. Chr.) zu Athen geboren, lebte später zu Rhodus und siedelte endlich nach Samos über, wo er (314 v. Chr.) starb.

[3] to fall at variance, sich überwer´fen.

[4] The = On the; however, jedoch, which must not be placed between commas.

[5] Use here the def. art. contracted with the prep. zu into zum, for: The def. art. is often used to mark the Gen. Dat. and Acc. of proper names.

[6] Shall = Will.

[7] von ganzem Herzen!

[8] Erinnere dich daran.

[9] Say ‘that I have sought for peace, although I am the elder’; to seek for peace, um den Frieden nach´suchen.

[10] Say ‘That is true’.

[11] deshalb, adv. (App. § 14). He acknowledged you to be the more worthy man (of us two), Er erkannte dich als den Würdigeren von uns beiden an; construe according to this example, and supply the expletive ‘auch’ after the object ‘you’.

[12] denn ich war der erste zum Streit, und du zum Frieden.

[1] Use the 2nd pers. sing.

[2] Place the words ‘before you’ after the object.

[3] glaubst du zu Eis erstarrte Flüsse zu erblicken.

[4] which (App. § 16) from time to time melts, drips down on the mountain-sides (Bergabhänge), and congeals (gefrieren), etc., see S. 16, N. 4. Supply the adverb wieder before the verb ‘congeals’. The elevated hollow, die höher gelegene Felsspalte.

[5] Eisstrom, m.

[6] As = Since, da (App. § 16); to be entirely solid throughout, durch und durch fest sein.

[7] it — pushing, so senkt sie sich fortwährend; with a ... but, mit einer zwar ... doch.

[8] down — below, in das unten liegende Thal hinab.

[1] Ohne Mühe kein Gewinn.

[2] Ich möchte vorschlagen zu übersetzen: ‘of the famous Ch. J. Fox’, weil dadurch das Verhältnis des Genitivs ganz klar ausgedrückt wird. Charles James Fox (1749-1806) ward schon 1768 Mitglied des Unterhauses, 1772 Lord des Schatzes, und bildete 1783 mit North und Portland ein Ministerium, welches jedoch bald dem Ministerium Pitt weichen mußte. Er begann darauf mit Burke und andern eine großartige parlamentarische Opposition gegen Pitt und kämpfte von 1792-97 fast allein gegen eine starke Majorität. Im Jahre 1806, kurz vor seinem Tode, wurde er mit Granville nochmals ans Staatsruder berufen.

[3] daß er sich in allem, was er that, die größte Mühe gab.

[4] When he was appointed (see N. 7). The verbs machen (to make), ernennen (to appoint), and erwählen (to choose, to elect), and other verbs denoting choosing or appointing, require in German the prep. zu contracted with the def. art., whilst in English they govern two Nominatives in the Passive Voice; as—

[5] being — writing. This clause must be rendered in an altogether different form; let us say ‘and felt hurt by an observation as to (über) his bad hand-writing’. To feel hurt by something, sich durch etwas verletzt fühlen. The p. p. must be placed?

[6] ‘to take’, here engagie´ren; ‘actually’, here faktisch (see App. § 15); to write copies, sich im Schönschreiben üben; improved himself = improved his hand-writing.

[7] Though he was. Grammatical distinctness, as a rule, requires that the subject and copula, which after certain conjunctions are so frequently omitted in English, should be clearly expressed in German.

[8] When a subordinate clause, beginning with one of the conjunctions da, obgleich, weil, and wenn, precedes a principal clause, which is often done for the sake of emphasis, the principal clause is generally introduced by the adverbial conjunction so (so, thus, therefore); as—

‘He — balls’, so war er im Auffangen der Bälle beim Tennisspiele doch merkwürdig gewandt.

[14]

[9] ‘and — so’, say ‘and when (S. 18, N. 6) one asked him how he did (machen) it’. The verb machen should be used in the Pres. Subj., since the clause contains an indirect question (App. §§ 28 and 30). Playfully, scherzend.

[10] Weil ich mir stets die größte Mühe gebe.

[11] trifling matters, Kleinigkeiten; ‘was — importance’, say ‘he showed also in more important matters’ (Angelegenheiten).

[12] and — nothing, und er erwarb sich seinen Ruf dadurch, daß er nichts für zu gering erachtete.

[1] Die ‘Magna Charta’ ist der am 19ᵗᵉⁿ Juni 1215 dem König Johann ohne Land abgerungene Staatsgrundvertrag, welcher als Grundlage der englischen Verfassung gilt.

[2] ‘of those — Harold’. These two clauses are best rendered in a contracted form, thus: ‘of the men who had fought under W. and H.’

[3] to draw near to each other, sich einander nähern; in friendship, freundschaftlich, adv.

[4] die Magna Charta.

[5] The two clauses containing the two p. ps. must be turned into one contracted relative clause, as explained in S. 7, N. 3, B. Use the verbs in the Impf. of the Passive Voice. To frame, entwerfen.

[6] Ereignis, n.

[7] The two p. ps. qualifying ‘wrongs’ (Unbilden) should be placed before that noun, as explained in S. 7, N. 3, A; of, von; to inflict, verüben; to sustain, erleiden; by — tribes, verschiedener Volksstämme.

[8] zwar; on = upon; ground = soil.

[9] but — aversion = but (jedoch) showed such an aversion against one another. The Article, when used in connection with adjectives and adverbs, stands in German generally before those words: such an aversion, einen solchen Widerwillen. Since the clause to be translated is in reality but a part of the preceding relative clause, which it completes, the verb must be placed?

[10] such as, wie, after which supply the pron. er, to give more distinctness to the rendering; to exist, bestehen; communities = nations.

[11] welche durch natürliche Grenzen von einander getrennt sind.

[1] ‘Mr. — Bristol’, translate ‘Mr. D. had had a business at (in) B.’, and place the object after the adverbial circumstance of place.

[2] to fail (in business) fallieren; to compound, accordieren. Verbs from the Latin with the termination ieren do not admit of the prefix or augment ge in the Past Participle, but follow in all other respects the weak or modern form of conjugation.

[3] Say ‘and was gone to America’. The verb gehen is always construed with sein, which auxiliary is especially used with Intransitive Verbs denoting a Passive State of the subject, a change from one State into another, or a Motion, if the place to which the motion is directed, or from which it proceeds, is either expressed or understood.

[4] The words ‘he acquired’ (erlangen) should, in an inverted form (App. § 14), follow the adverb ‘There’; ‘by — merchant’, durch unablässige kaufmännische Thätigkeit.

[5] plentiful = great. For the position of the object see App. § 9.

[6] Nach England zurückgekehrt; entertainment = meal; at which, wobei.

[7] bequem; terms, Bedingungen.

[8] to favour a person with something, einem etwas gewähren (v. tr.); nothing but, nur; treat, Schmaus, m.

[9] every — plate, fand doch ein jeder nach dem ersten Gange zu seinem Erstaunen unter dem Teller einen Wechsel vor.

[10] for — interest = which was issued (ausstellen) for (auf) the full amount of the remaining (rückständig) debt with (nebst) interest.

[1] ‘that when the animalcules ... cease to live’. This clause may be briefly rendered by saying: ‘that after the death (Absterben, n.) of the animalcules’. To translate the last noun, form a diminutive of Tier.

[2] Meeresboden, m.

[3] ‘their — salt-water’. Use the following order of words for rendering this passage: ‘their little houses (dim. of Haus) either through the in them contained glutinous remains (Überreste) or through some (irgend eine) property of the salt-water held together are (Pres. of the Passive Voice)’.

[4] When the Present Participle is used to denote a logical cause from which we may draw an inference, it must, by the help of the conjunction ‘da’, be changed into a finite verb, i.e. one with a personal termination, thus:—

The tense in which the verb is to be used, must always be determined by the context.

[5] and — sea, und mit vom Meere herangespülten zerbröckelten Korallen; it is a matter of course that the verbs must follow this passage.

[6] The following generations.

[7] ‘to rise’, here sich erheben. Present Participles used attributively are inflected like adjectives. Bank = reef.

[16]

[8] ‘and die — labours’, translate ‘and die to (S. 19, N. 7) contribute also in their turn (ihrerseits) to the elevation (Erhöhung, f.) of this monument of their admirable work (Arbeit, f.)’.

[1] The new coral-reef is (S. 2, N. 1) now soon visited by (von) sea-birds.

[2] Sea-plants; to take = to strike.

[3] und so bildet sich eine Erdschicht.

[4] die Frucht einer Panane. Die Panane (Pandanus) ist eine Art Palme und wird auch Pandang (m.) oder Palmnußbaum genannt.

[5] an, contracted with the def. art.

[6] it = the same, to agree with its antecedent ‘shore’; to deposit, zurück´lassen; seeds, Same, m., used in the sing.

[7] still more = especially; adds — bank, trägt etwas zur Vergrößerung des Riffs bei.

[8] The latter (dieses) gradually assumes (an´nehmen) the form of an island. The adv. ‘gradually’ may be made emphatic; see App. § 14.

[9] zuletzt; ‘to — possession’ = to take possession of the same.

[1] Der überlistete Reineke (or Reinhard).

[2] to observe = to see; at roost, auf ihrer Stange sitzen.

[3] to — speeches, durch glatte Worte ihrer habhaft zu werden.

[4] charming news = something pleasant. To render ‘you’ use the dat. of the persnl. pron. of the 2nd pers. pl. For the construction see App. § 7.

[5] The words indicating the speaker, after a quotation, must be rendered in an inverted form (see App. § 13).

[6] to conclude, ab´schließen, str. v. tr.; the agreement of universal peace, der allgemeine Friedensvertrag; to come down, herun´terkommen; supply the adv. also between the verb and the separable particle.

[7] feiern.

[8] Beschluß, m.

[9] to look all around, sich nach allen Seiten um´sehen.

[10] to inquire the reason, sich nach der Ursache erkundigen.

[17]

[11] I was observing = I observed (beobachten). Which are coming = which come. The English compound forms of the verb with the auxiliary and the present participle, and of the verb ‘to do’ with the infinitive (I do come = I come. I did come = I came), must be rendered by the corresponding simple forms.

[12] dieses Weges.

[13] sich zum Davonlaufen bereit machen.

[14] Wie.

[15] ‘not yet’, here noch nichts.

[1] Die Beförderungsmittel zur Zeit Karls des Zweiten.

[2] objects.

[3] Lastwagen, which place after ‘generally’.

[4] ‘The — them’, may be briefly rendered by the compound noun ‘Die Transportkosten’. It may here be pointed out that the German language lends itself more easily than any other living language to the formation of compound expressions. Many advantages result from this adaptability of the language to express in one single term which, otherwise, would require a number of words; but the greatest of these advantages seems to me to lie in the power it gives us to avoid the too frequent use of the Genitive, a power which, if rightly wielded, will impart great vigour, conciseness, and elegance to the student’s style of writing.

[5] were extraordinary high (groß).

[6] nach; ‘charge’, here Fracht, f.; ‘to be’, here betragen; £7, sieben Pfund Sterling.

[7] The def. art. is used in stating the price of goods, when the English use the indef. art.; as—

[8] The pron. ‘which’ referring to a whole clause, and not to a particular word in that clause, should be rendered by the indef. rel. pron. was; as—

[9] berechnen; turnpike-road, Chaussee, f.

[10] von, followed by the def. art.; to demand, beanspruchen.

[11] Steinkohlen, used in the pl. without the art. Use the active voice with man, S. 4, N. 4.

[12] gewinnen.

[13] or — sea, oder wohin sie verschifft werden konnten.

[14] Say ‘and it was (sie wurden) in the South of England therefore (daher auch) only called sea-coal (Schiffskohlen)’.

[1] Adjectives used as nouns are declined as they would be if the noun, which is understood, were to follow them. They are always written with a capital initial.

[2] in ihren eigenen mit wenigstens vier Pferden bespannten eisernen Kutschen.

[3] ‘A — seen’. This clause must be construed thus: ‘Except (Außer) in processions a coach and six (eine sechsspännige Kutsche, see App. § 14) is now never seen’. Supply the words ‘bei uns’ before the p. p.

[4] Staatsfuhrwerke; therefore ... is likely to mislead us = can therefore easily mislead (irre führen) us. The object ‘us’ must be placed immediately after the copula ‘can’.

[5] Wir schreiben der Prachtliebe zu.

[6] really = in reality; ‘effect’, here = consequence.

[7] Say ‘of a’.

[8] One (S. 5, N. 2).

[9] because ... there was danger, weil man ... Gefahr lief; ‘small’, here gering.

[10] to stick fast, stecken bleiben. Use the Supine, for: When the English Gerund (i.e. the verbal in -ing) is governed by a noun, a verb, or an adjective, it is generally rendered by the Supine. Comp. S. 78, N. 14. Examples:

[1] Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel (später Sir William Herschel) wurde am 15ᵗᵉⁿ Nov. 1738 in Hannover geboren. Er kam als Musiker nach England, beschäftigte sich jedoch in seinen Mußestunden eingehend mit der Astronomie, welcher er sich endlich ganz widmete. Er entdeckte mit selbst verfertigten Spiegelteleskopen von bis dahin unbekannter Größe den Uranus, zwei Saturnsmonde, zahlreiche Doppelsterne, Sternhaufen und Nebelflecken, und lieferte höchst wichtige Beobachtungen über die Planeten. Diese Entdeckungen, welche der Welt durch die von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften veröffentlichten Journale mitgetheilt wurden, machten ihn bald zum berühmten Manne. Er wurde von dem Könige Georg III zum königlichen Astronomen ernannt und genoß Ehre, Ruhm und Wohlstand, als er am 25ˢᵗᵉⁿ Aug. 1822 zu Slough bei Windsor starb. Es ist unmöglich, hier nicht auch zugleich seiner geliebten Schwester Karoline zu gedenken, welche mit seltener Hingebung sich den Bestrebungen und Arbeiten des älteren Bruders anschloß und so nicht wenig zu den glänzenden Erfolgen dieses großen und höchst merkwürdigen Mannes beitrug. Sie starb im Jahre 1848 in ihrer Vaterstadt Hannover. Ihre unlängst veröffentlichten Memoiren und Briefe verdienen im höchsten Grade das allgemeine Interesse, welches sie nicht allein in Deutschland, sondern auch in England hervorgerufen haben.

[19]

[2] This passage requires a different construction in German, thus: ‘When Sir W. H. was still officiating (fungie´ren, see S. 32, N. 11) in the pump-room (Trinkhalle) at Bath as a member of the band (Kapelle), he had’, etc.

[3] close at hand, ganz in der Nähe, which place before the object.

[4] die vielbegehrenden Müßiggänger; to admit of something, etwas gestatten, w. v. tr.

[5] hinaus´schlüpfen.

[6] Spiegel, m.

[7] Schleifen, n.

[8] das Zeichen zum Anfangen.

[9] when — ready, so war er auch schon bereit; to snatch up, ergreifen, see S. 1, N. 2.

[10] and — first = and as the first to take (ein´nehmen) his place.

[11] Thus — time = Thus (So, adv.) he used every spare-moment; the spare-moment, der freie Augenblick.

[12] ‘monarch’, here Fürst.

[13] zum ersten Astronomen seiner Zeit.

[1] Das Luftmeer.

[2] Say ‘Two oceans envelop (umgeben) our solid globe (Erdkugel).

[3] the one partial (teilweise) and the other universal (ganz). The subsequent sentence is best introduced by a colon (:), which we use to direct attention to what is following. The words ‘There is’ must then be omitted.

[4] das Weltmeer.

[5] ‘which — all’, say ‘which fills (erfüllen) all’.

[6] Vertiefung, f.

[7] To render ‘of the earth’s surface’, form a compound noun by combining the corresponding German terms of the nouns ‘earth’ and ‘surface’.

A. When the component parts of Compound Nouns are substantives, we combine them often without any connecting link; as—das Lasttier, beast of burden; das Stadtviertel, the quarter of a town, ward.

B. Neither do we require a connecting link for the formation of Compound Nouns the first component of which is an adjective or a particle; as—die Großmutter, grandmother; das Unglück, misfortune; der Urquell, fountain-head.

C. The Gender of Compound Nouns (with the exception of a few compounds with Mut, m.) is determined by the last component, which is always a noun.

[8] ‘leaving — islands’. This passage may be rendered thus: ‘so that all the high lands (Erhöhungen), as (wie) mountain-ranges, etc. ... rise dry above the same; to rise, sich erheben.

[9] und das Luftmeer.

[10] umhül´len; say ‘the whole globe’ (Kugel, f.); ‘in’, here mit.

[11] In this ocean of air.

[12] Since the four subsequent nouns in this passage represent a whole class, the def. art. is required before each (S. 3, N. 2).

[13] Use this noun in the plural, since the noun with which it is connected by the conj. ‘and’ stands in the same number.

[14] gleich Krebsen; to creep, umher kriechen. The word ‘whilst’ being a subordinative conj., the verb must be placed?

[15] Luftmeer.

[1] Place the adverb before the verb.

[2] sogar noch.

[3] jene mächtige Wasserwelt, after which put a full stop and begin a new sentence.

[4] This passage may be construed thus: ‘It offers a greater variety (Mannigfaltigkeit) and changeableness in the transitions from storm to (zu) calm, from ebb to flow, and from light to gloom (Dunkel, n.)’. The article (which, if practicable, should be contracted with the preceding preposition) must be used with the last six nouns, see S. 3, N. 2.

[5] Der Luftkreis ist in der That höchst wunderbar und gewährt ein vollendetes Beispiel von dem haushälterischen Wesen der Natur.

[6] Without (App. § 14); would = could, Impf. Subj.

[7] und kein Licht sich verbrei´ten.

[8] Also (def. art.) sound can only be transmitted (fort´pflanzen) through the air.

[9] might = could; to fall, ein´stürzen.

[10] Say ‘and yet the prevailing silence would not be interrupted’.

[11] leises Geflüster, acc.

[12] lauten Donner, acc.

[13] ‘would — heard’, use the active voice with the indef. pron. man.

[1] fröhlich.

[2] inquired of = asked.

[3] Joseph Haydn (geb. den 31ˢᵗᵉⁿ März 1732 zu Rohrau in Östreich, † den 31ˢᵗᵉⁿ Mai 1809 in Wien) bildete sich durch eigenes Studium in der Musik aus und lebte dann namentlich als Kapellmeister des Fürsten Esterhazy in Wien. Er ist der Schöpfer der Symphonie und des Streichquartetts; auch hat er sich durch die Begründung der neueren Instrumentationskunst ein besonderes Verdienst erworben. Seine Werke sind ebenso zahlreich, wie mannigfaltig; durch die beiden Oratorien: ‘Die Schöpfung’ (1799) und ‘die Jahreszeiten’ (1801) hat er jedoch seinen Namen mit ehernen Lettern in die Geschichte der Kunst eingetragen.

[4] Use the Pres. Subj. of kommen, since the clause contains an indirect question; see App. §§ 28 and 30.

[5] was — cheerful, stets einen so fröhlichen Charakter trage.

[6] to make a reply, eine Antwort geben; ‘beautiful’, here sinnig; for the construction see App. § 15.

[21]

[7] anders; for the place of the negation see App. § 12.

[8] Translate the passage ‘I write — feel’ briefly by saying: ‘I write just as (so wie) I feel’, since it would not be in accordance with the genius of the German language to render the sentence in a literal way. (Gedanken kann man nicht fühlen.)

[9] Denke ich an Gott, so ist, etc.; full of, voller.

[10] Construe this clause after the following model:

[11] so wird man mir hoffentlich verzeihen.

[12] that = if.

[1] industriell.

[2] A greater truth than that which Mr. D., the Irish railway-contractor (Eisenbahn-Unternehmer), spoke (aus´sprechen) at (in) a public meeting in (zu) Dublin, has never been uttered.

[3] The words ‘he said’ should follow here; see S. 32, N. 5.

[4] a great deal = much.

[5] are to get, erlangen sollen; for the construction see App. § 16; from, aus.

[6] yet I have always had the firm conviction. Render ‘to have’ here by hegen.

[7] schlicht; ‘industry’, here Fleiß, m.; careful, streng; exactness, Pflichterfüllung, f.

[8] would establish (begründen) Ireland’s prosperity (Wohlstand, m.).

[9] it is true, zwar; see S. 15, N. 3; ‘to make’, here thun; in advance, vorwärts.

[10] Here follow the words ‘for (zu, contracted with the def. art.) eventual (eventuell) success’.

[1] See S. 14, N. 3.

[2] einheimisch.

[3] die Eiche. The article is repeated in this passage only when the subsequent noun is of different gender or number from the preceding one.

[4] die Roßkastanie.

[5] die echte Kastanie.

[6] der Wallnußbaum.

[7] Englands.

[22]

[8] to be suited to a thing, einer Sache zu´träglich sein; eminently, außerordentlich, which place before ‘zuträglich’.

[9] Use the gen. of the def. art. The definite article should be used in all cases where an object is individualised or singled out from other objects.

[10] one — forest = an almost uninterrupted scene of forest, Waldlandschaft, f.

[11] as ... do now, wie noch jetzt.

[12] die ungelichteten Waldgegenden.

[13] The — remain, Die wenigen zerstreut liegenden Überreste natürlicher Gehölze.

[14] Say ‘show the character which formerly belonged almost to the whole country’.

[1] Der Indianerhäuptling.

[2] Haufe, m.

[3] Schar, f.

[4] troops = soldiers.

[5] to defeat, in die Flucht schlagen.

[6] When the conjunction ‘as’ stands for ‘since’, it must be rendered by ‘da’.

[7] had — foot, den Britten im Laufen bedeutend überlegen waren; and — pursuit = and eagerly pursued the same. For the following clause see S. 27, N. 8, and say ‘only few of the Britons succeeded to escape (davon´kommen)’. I succeed, es gelingt mir.

[8] welche den Indianern in die Hände fielen.

[9] there are, es giebt. The subject ‘es’, which must be placed immediately after the relative pronoun, should be followed by the adverbial clause ‘even in that country’.

[10] to come up to a person, sich einem nähern.

[11] auf Rettung.

[12] at = in; crisis = critical (entscheidungsvoll) moment.

[13] to come up = to appear; who — arrows = of advanced (vorgeschritten) age and armed with bow and arrows.

[14] der Alte; to draw, spannen; immediately, unverzüglich, which may be emphasized by being placed at the head of the clause (App. § 14).

[15] Say ‘after he had aimed (zielen) at (auf) the officer’; to drop, fallen lassen.

[16] and interposed, und stellte sich.

[17] to be about, im Begriff sein; to cut to pieces, zerstückeln; with respect = respectfully.

[1] Say ‘Hereupon the old man seized the hand of the officer, sought by caresses to gain his (dessen) confidence, conducted him to (in) his hut, and treated’, etc.

[2] Versprechung, f.

[3] his.

[4] The verb lehren, to teach (old German lêran, Gothic laisjan), etymologically signifies ‘to cause a person to know a thing’. This is the reason that it is in German most generally used with two accusatives: that of the person and that of the thing; as—Er lehrt mich die Landessprache, he teaches me the language of the country. Lehre mich Deine Rechte! (Luther.) Wer hat dich solche Streiche gelehrt? (Uhland.)

[5] in — arts, in den geringen Geschicklichkeiten; to practise, üben; by, von; ‘inhabitants’, here Eingebornen.

[6] They = both; together = with one another, which place after ‘harmony’ (Eintracht, f.).

[7] in — with, in der ihm zuteil werdenden Behandlung. Where must the verb be placed? Supply the word ‘anderes’ after ‘nothing’; ‘to regret’, here beklagen.

[8] als.

[9] Say ‘regarded him silently for a while (App. § 9, A) with steady (unverwandt) attention’.

[1] Say ‘Meanwhile it became spring’; to take the field, ins Feld ziehen.

[2] die Kriegsbeschwerden; ‘to set out’, here ziehen.

[3] more than.

[4] to = into.

[5] forces = troops; to encamp, sein Lager auf´schlagen.

[6] von weitem, which place before the accusative.

[7] who waits, der darauf lauert; to give battle = to attack.

[8] Bedenke.

[9] A. The definite article is often used instead of the possessive adjective pronoun in cases where the possessor is clearly seen from the context; as—

B. The possessor is often indicated by a personal pronoun in the dative case; as—

The latter mode of construction must be applied in this case.

[24]

[10] ‘I have taught thee to conduct a canoe.’ Read once more S. 42, N. 4, and mark further that: that which is taught is often expressed in the form of a Supine, as in this instance.

[11] We say ‘mit Pfeil und Bogen’.

[12] überfal´len.

[13] gewäh´ren; sustenance, Nahrung, f.

[14] lag in Finsternis gehüllt.

[15] also; nation = people; to take up = to seize.

[1] that — deliverer = that he would rather die than kill his deliverer. See App. §§ 28 and 30.

[2] The two Participles in -ing are best rendered by using the Imperfect.

[3] stood — silent, und stand so eine Weile schweigend da.

[4] Say ‘Upon this (Hierauf) he looked’, etc.

[5] he — grief, und fragte mit von Zärtlichkeit und Kummer gedämpfter Stimme.

[6] war noch am Leben.

[7] Heimat, f.

[8] exclaimed.

[9] unhappy.

[10] zögern, i.e. to hesitate.

[11] daß auch ich einst Vater war?

[12] Say ‘But now I (App. § 14) am it no more’.

[13] We use here the def. art.

[14] nie´derfallen.

[1] spoke. Begin the clause with ‘These words’ (S. 7, N. 2).

[2] Say ‘A universal tremour shook (erschüttern) his body’.

[3] Er erstickte fast unter den Seufzern.

[4] Say ‘which he endeavoured (bemüht sein) to suppress’.

[5] His eyes (sing.) looked restlessly about.

[6] zur Linderung seines Schmerzes.

[7] Say ‘Gradually he became calmer’. The following passage requires altogether a different structure in German. Say ‘He turned towards the east (sich gen Osten wenden), where the sun had just risen. “Dost thou see the beauty of the sky, which sparkles (erglänzen) with (von) the breaking (an´brechen) day (Tageslicht, n.)? and hast thou pleasure (Freude, f.) in (an) the sight (Anblick, m.)?” he asked the young officer’.

[8] the — officer, dieser, to avoid a useless repetition.

[9] of such a (S. 28, N. 9) sky.

[10] ‘and his’, say ‘whose’; found their way, hervor´brachen.

[11] eine in voller Blüte stehende Magnolie.

[12] ‘to look upon’, here betrachten.

[13] Say ‘I rejoice in its splendour’, to avoid monotony. To rejoice in a thing, sich einer Sache freuen.

[14] ‘in — it’, may be briefly rendered by ‘in the sight’.

[15] rasch.

[16] ‘and — Go’. Begin a new clause here, and say: ‘“Go,” he added (fügte er dann hinzu)’.

[17] auf daß (followed by the Pres. Subj. of haben).

[18] des Morgens, App. § 9. The verb ‘sees’, being the governing verb in both clauses, takes the last place. See App. § 19.

[1] das hauptsächlichste Nahrungsmittel.

[2] Say ‘of the inhabitants of India (Indiens)’, etc.

[3] orientalisch.

[4] ernähren.

[5] Nahrungsartikel, m.

[6] Supply here the prep. auf, which should always be used to render the English ‘in’ before names of islands.

[7] in der Lombardei.

[8] auf den Karolinen.

[9] Supply the prep. in.

[10] Der Reisbau, i.e. the cultivation of rice.

[11] an — of = extraordinary much.

[12] The noun ‘rice’ must here be repeated, since the pron. ‘er’ would refer to ‘Reisbau’.

[13] auf.

[14] Ja, die Thatsache, daß, etc.

[15] im Prediger Salomonis; to refer to something, sich auf etwas beziehen. The above mentioned passage reads as follows: ‘Cast thy bread upon the waters: for thou shalt find it after many days’.

[16] Say ‘when the land is still covered by (von) the waters of the Nile’.

[17] sich zurück´ziehen, i.e. withdraw.

[18] sich ab´lagern (see S. 4, N. 4, A); ‘mud’, here Schlamm, m.

[19] Spiritus, m.

[20] aus.

[21] and — bonnets, und das Stroh gebraucht man zur Anfertigung von Männer- und Frauenhüten.

[1] to go over, sich begeben. The words ‘to Normandy’ (S. 19, N. 4) must be placed after ‘retinue’.

[2] to have acknowledged, huldigen lassen. See S. 19, N. 7. The words ‘by (von) the Norman nobles’ must be placed after ‘prince’. The nobles, der Adel.

[3] to contract a promised marriage, einen verabredeten Heiratsvertrag ab´schließen. The pron. ‘him’ should be turned by ‘the prince’, to avoid ambiguity.

[4] both — things = this.

[5] Pomp, m.; rejoicing, viele Freudenbezeigungen; to be done, geschehen.

[6] sich zur Heimreise an´schicken.

[7] Supply the adverb ‘nun’ after ‘when’.

[8] The subject and apposition must be placed immediately after the predicate. Comp. App. § 15.

[9] Say ‘My father, O prince (Fürst), served yours (use the second pers. sing. of the posses. pron., and continue the address in the same person) his whole life long at (zur) sea’.

[10] lenken.

[11] das am Vorderteile mit einem goldenen Knaben verzierte Schiff.

[12] auf.

[13] sailed — England = sailed (sich ein´schiffen) for (zu) the conquest of England.

[14] verleihen.

[15] Say ‘I possess in this (hiesig) harbour a fair with fifty renowned (bewährt) sailors (Seeleute) manned vessel (Fahrzeug), called (App. § 1) the White Ship’. Comp. S. 7, N. 3.

[16] o Herr.

[17] to let ... have = to grant; use the Supine.

[18] ‘to steer’, here = to conduct, geleiten. See S. 1, N. 3.

[1] Say ‘that I have already chartered (bedingen) a ship’.

[2] Use the Perfect, which is used in German to express an action or occurrence both perfect and past, without reference to any other action or occurrence.

[3] Render ‘but’ by jedoch, which place after ‘shall’; with — company, samt seinem ganzen Gefolge; ‘to go along’, here fahren, to be placed at the end of the whole clause, which construe accord. to S. 48, N. 6.

[4] An — afterwards = Soon after.

[5] to set sail, ab´segeln.

[6] To place the qualifying parts before the word qualified is one of the most striking peculiarities of German Grammar. This construction, called attributive constriction, has been explained in section 7, Note 3 with respect to the rendering of the Perfect (or Past) Participle qualifying a preceding noun; but it must here be pointed out that it may likewise be used for rendering the Present Participle qualifying a preceding noun (comp. S. 16, N. 4), and that it is sometimes even suitable for translating short relative clauses. This, as long as it is not too much indulged in, imparts to the construction great conciseness and vigour, and avoids the too frequent use of relative pronouns, which, contrary to English construction, cannot be omitted in German. (Comp. S. 16, N. 10.)

Examples.

The clause ‘in — vessels’ requires the attributive construction, since the two relative clauses, otherwise required, would make the rendering very lengthy and monotonous. To avoid a useless repetition, translate the first noun ‘vessel’ by Schiff and the second by Fahrzeug, and connect the two clauses by the conjunction und.

[7] The passage ‘and — morning’ may be briefly rendered thus: and arrived, favoured (begünstigt, App. § 1) by a gentle (mäßig) wind, the (am) next morning in England.

[8] Say ‘During the night’.

[9] the people = one, after which supply the conj. jedoch; in ships = upon some ships.

[10] come — sea, von der See herüber, which place after ‘ships’; wild cry, Angstschrei.

[11] was dies zu bedeuten habe.

[1] to go aboard ship, sich auf ein Schiff begeben; the young noble, der junge Adelige; ‘to be’, here sich befinden; eighteen — rank, achtzehn dem höchsten Range angehörige Damen. The words ‘aboard the White Ship’ take the last place in the clause.

[2] This clause requires the following construction: With the servants (Dienerschaft, f.) and the fifty sailors consisted the whole gay company upon the White Ship of (aus) three hundred persons.

[3] Construe according to App. § 5.

[4] Say ‘My royal father’; has sailed out of = has left. Supply the adverb soeben after the auxiliary. This will greatly improve the rendering.

[5] Also the two following passages require a different construction; say ‘How long can we still make merry (sich gütlich thun) here (to be placed before ‘still’), if we will arrive in England at the same time (zugleich) with the others?’ The words ‘in England’ should stand before the verbs, which arrange according to App. § 18.

[6] Say ‘“If we sail at (um) midnight, O prince (see S. 27, N. 8), my fifty men (Leute) and the White Ship shall nevertheless (dennoch) before the coming morning overtake the swiftest ship in the service of thy royal father,” replied Fitz-Stephen’.—‘The swiftest — father’ = the swiftest in the service of thy royal father standing ship. (Comp. S. 48, N. 6.)

[1] Hereupon.

[2] that they (man) should make merry. The verb must stand in the Present Subjunctive, as will be seen from §§ 28-30 of the App.

[3] samt.

[4] adelig; company = retinue.

[5] dieses, to be placed after ‘When’.

[6] shot out of = left.

[7] there to be, sich befinden.

[8] not a, auch nicht ein einziger.

[9] Say ‘upon the ship’.

[10] gespannt.

[11] Say ‘and the oars moved (sich bewegen) merrily (lustig), whilst F.-St. stood at the helm’.

[12] an´treiben.

[13] harder = faster.

[14] dem weißen Schiff zu Ehren.

[1] Krach!—es erhob sich ein aus drei hundert Kehlen erschallender fürchterlicher Angstschrei.

[2] the people = one; in = upon.

[3] faintly on the water, unvollkommen von der See herüber.

[4] und war im Sinken begriffen!

[5] to hurry into a boat, schnell in ein Boot steigen lassen; with = and.

[6] an, contracted with the def. art.

[7] ruhig.

[8] The — us = We others.

[9] Render ‘but’ by jedoch, which place before the adverb ‘fast’ (schnell); to row away, sich entfernen.

[10] See S. 16, N. 4; for, um.

[11] Say ‘as at (in) this moment’.

[12] The remaining passage will greatly improve by placing the clause ‘Row — risk’ before the words ‘He — agony’. In an agony, voll Seelenangst; at any risk, koste es, was es wolle.

[13] When there is in a principal clause a transitive verb, the object of which is contained in a following objective clause, which often assumes the form of a supine (i.e. an infinitive with zu, see S. 1, N. 2), the object in the principal clause is frequently supplied by the pronoun es, which then may be called the grammatical object. This is more particularly the case when special emphasis is given to the verb contained in the principal clause; as—

[1] Supply here the conj. aber.

[2] auf´fangen.

[3] Say ‘so many persons jumped into the boat, that it capsized’.

[4] Supply the adverb auch after the verb.

[5] to float, auf dem Wasser schwimmen; of Rouen, aus Rouen.

[6] Kurz darauf; supply the adverb noch before ‘another’. He comes swimming towards me, er kommt auf mich zu´geschwommen.

[7] Say ‘in whom they recognised Fitz-Stephen, when he’, etc.; to push aside = to throw back.

[8] had gone down, den Tod erlitten. The auxiliary verb (had) may here be omitted, for: In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary verbs (haben, sein, and werden) are often omitted for the sake of conciseness and elegance; as—

[30]

[9] with — face, totenbleich, adv. How must the words be arranged here?

[10] to sink to the bottom, in die Tiefe hinab´sinken. Supply the adv. dann after the verb, which will establish a closer connection between this clause and the preceding one.

[1] to cling to the yard, sich an eine Segelstange an´klammern; for some hours, einige Stunden lang, for three days, drei Tage lang.

[2] kraftlos.

[3] vor Kälte erstarrt.

[4] ‘to hold,’ here sich halten.

[5] Say ‘Upon this (Hereupon) he fell into the water and sank to the bottom (in die Tiefe hinab´sinken)’.

[6] crowd = company.

[7] In the morning, am Morgen.

[8] sheep-skin coat, Schafpelz, m.

[9] nehmen; the appositional clause ‘the sole relater (Überbringer) of the dismal (traurig) tale (Kunde)’ must be placed immediately after the pronoun ‘him’, to which it belongs; and mark that: The apposition must always agree in number, gender, and case with the noun or pronoun to which it belongs.

[10] to carry an intelligence to a person, Einem eine Botschaft verkünden. See App. § 5.

[11] man; into his presence = to (zu) him, which place after ‘boy’.

[12] The Present Participle may be used adverbially, as in English, to denote manner or state. Say ‘who told him kneeling and weeping bitterly, that’, etc.

[13] was — board, mit Mann und Maus gesunken sei.

[14] like — man = as if dead (wie tot), which place after ‘fell.’

[15] Say ‘and never has one seen him smile again’.

[1] bereiten, see S. 19, N. 7.

[2] for — spirits, zur Bierbrauerei und Branntweinbrennerei, after which supply daraus.

[3] indessen.

[4] Nahrungsmittel, n.

[5] Say ‘which one uses for thickening soups’, zur Verdickung der Suppen.

[6] benutzen and gebrauchen, which use alternately; as — poultry, als Hühnerfutter.

[7] Say ‘With barley meal one fattens (mästen) pigs and turkeys (türkische Hühner)’.

[8] Vieh- und Pferdefutter.

[9] gebaut. Where must the p. p. be placed here?

[10] kräftig.

[11] ‘to resist’ here = to bear, vertragen. Use the def. art. before the first noun.

[12] Say ‘and can therefore be cultivated (an´bauen) upon poorer soil’. Supply the adverb auch after ‘therefore’.

[13] It is said to be, sie soll ... sein. The verb sollen is frequently used to express an assertion of another person, when it answers to the English ‘it is said’, ‘it is reported’, ‘they say’.

[1] When the Present Participle is used in adverbial clauses of time, it must generally, by the help of one of the conjunctions als (when), nachdem (after), indem (while, whilst), and während (while, whilst), be changed into a finite verb, i.e. one with a personal termination; thus—

Consequently, the above passage must be rendered thus: ‘When Napoleon saw (bemerken) a young Prussian soldier who was pressing his flag to (an) his (S. 43, N. 9, A) bosom (Herz) in the agonies of death (im Todeskampfe, which place after ‘flag’), he said to his officers’: etc.

[2] Say ‘You see, gentlemen’.

[3] ‘to approach’ here = to border (an etwas grenzen). For the construction see S. 16, N. 4.

[4] Say ‘Bury this young man (Jüngling) without delay with military honours’.

[5] that — write, um ... schreiben zu können. He writes to me once a month, Er schreibt einmal monatlich an mich.

[6] Supply the pronoun ihm (from him) after the Imperative.

[7] Leichentuch, n.; ‘for him’ must be rendered by the dat. of the pers. pron., which place after the copula ‘will’.

[8] Der General Bourrienne war Privatsekretär und späterer Biograph Napoleons des Ersten.

[1] veredelt.

[2] einheimisch.

[3] The clause ‘Most — trees’ may be briefly rendered by ‘Die meisten Baumfrüchte’.

[4] Here follows the adverbial clause ‘by grafting — means’.

[5] bedeutend.

[6] ‘raised — state’ may be elegantly rendered by the p. p. ‘cultivated’ (veredelt).

[7] Say ‘The principal cultivated native plants are’, etc.

[8] See S. 3, N. 2. I should recommend to repeat the art. before each of the following six nouns.

[9] is a native of, stammt aus.

[10] ‘Now — puddings’. This elliptic clause must be completed in German. Say ‘which is now so largely (much) used in pies (Pasteten) and puddings’.

[11] aus.

[12] ‘some’, here irgend ein.

[13] Erdartischocke, f.

[1] Das Vermächtnis.

[2] Engländer.

[3] Say ‘the one’.

[4] to fall into trouble, in Verlegenheit geraten.

[5] on the ground, damit.

[6] daß er das Leben kennen lerne. Comp. App. §§ 28 and 30.

[7] verdrießen. See S. 5, N. 2.

[8] sehr.

[9] to intercede in a person’s favour, zu gunsten einer Person sprechen. He interceded in my favour, er sprach zu meinen gunsten. Supply the adverb zwar (it is true) after the verb.

[10] Herr; to feel one’s end approaching, sein Ende heran´nahen fühlen.

[11] together, zu sich.

[12] ‘to leave’, here = to bequeath.

[13] Besitzung, f.

[14] The construction of the Infinitive with an Accusative, so frequently employed in English as an imitation of the Latin and Greek, is unknown in German. Such constructions must be rendered by a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction daß; as—

[33]

See also App. § 34, and say ‘and wish that he may be frugal (sparsam)’.

[15] This passage requires the following construction: ‘As (wie) it is usual (üblich) on (bei) such occasions, John (App. § 15) implored heaven in (mit) a sorrowful tone to prolong’, etc. The noun Himmel is always used with the article.

[16] Vermächtnis.

[1] ‘money’, here = ready money, bares Geld.

[2] to amount to something, sich auf etwas belaufen. See S. 16, N. 4.

[3] Das Pfund, one pound English money, never takes the sign of the Plural in German, and the same refers to ‘die Mark’, a German coin corresponding to one shilling English.

[4] said = exclaimed; in = with.

[5] Say ‘Upon this the father addressed himself (sich wenden) to (an) the spendthrift and said’.

[6] As — Dick, Was dich betrifft, Richard.

[7] Introduce this clause by the adverbial conjunction so, and see App. § 15; to come to good, zu etwas Rechtem kommen.

[8] The German language, as a rule, requires that the person for whose benefit an action is performed, is clearly indicated. When this is not done by a noun in the dative case, it is generally done by means of the dative of a personal pronoun; as—

Supply, therefore, the necessary pronoun after the conjunction um; a halter = a rope, Strick, m.

[9] Render ‘most’ here by ‘höchst’.

[1] wertvoll; ‘grain’, here Kornart, f.

[2] Say ‘because it yields (liefern) us chiefly the flour for our bread’.

[3] bereiten.

[4] Form a compound noun of ‘wheat’ and ‘grains’ (Körner).

[5] zermahlen.

[6] sondern.

[7] The prep. ‘in’ must be repeated before this and the following noun.

[8] for — cattle, zur Viehfütterung.

[9] u. s. w., i.e. und so weiter.

[10] It — however, Übrigens schadet es nichts.

[11] both ... and, sowohl ... als auch.

[12] Say ‘Bread receives (erhalten) often an artificial whiteness through an addition’, etc.

[13] When ‘by’ is equivalent to ‘through’, it must be rendered by durch.

[14] Say ‘grows chiefly’, in order to make the construction more concise than it would be by using a p. p., which would have its place at the end of the whole clause, and would thus make the construction too lengthy.

[1] Say ‘in consequence of the frequent fasting’.

[2] an´ordnen. See S. 7, N. 3, B.

[3] Ritus, m.

[4] ‘to take’, here = to catch; numbers = multitudes, Menge, f.; marsh lands, Marschgegenden.

[5] in = upon.

[6] as = like, wie.

[7] der Schwertfisch (Delphinus orca).

[8] Vergnügungen.

[9] reservieren.

[10] I propose to use the following seven nouns in the plural and without the article, in order to avoid the frequent repetition of the same.

[11] Use the Imperf. of dürfen.

[12] by — impunity, von jedermann ungestraft.

[13] without = outside, außerhalb.

[14] Say ‘the booty of all’.

[1] Zartfühlend, zuverlässig und treu.

[2] Say ‘when I went to the Sunday-school’, and supply the adverb noch after the subject.

[3] über.

[4] Say ‘I could scarcely imagine, that he ever really had been a little child and had to be fed with a teaspoon (und mit einem Theelöffel habe gefüttert werden müssen)’. By carefully reading §§ 29 and 30 of the Appendix, the student will see that the verbs depending on the governing verb ‘imagine’ must stand in the Perfect of the Subjunctive Mood. According to S. 52, N. 8, however, the auxiliary ‘sei’ may be omitted in the clause ‘that he ever really had been a little child’.

[5] Junge. The auxiliary ‘sei’ may again be omitted here.

[6] that = who; as I did = ‘like myself’, which place immediately after the relat. pron.

[7] Schusser. Remember that both this and the next clause are depending on the relative clause ‘that — did’; place, therefore, the verb ‘played’ after ‘marbles’, and the verb ‘had’ after ‘peg-top’.

[8] Kreisel, m.

[9] Taschenmesser, n.

[10] ever so many, eine Unzahl von, i.e. no end of.

[11] ein Stück Bindfaden.

[12] that — hard, daß er sich je habe anstrengen müssen.

[13] cold mornings, an einem sehr kalten Morgen, which place after the subject. ‘To go to school’, zur (or in die) Schule gehen.

[14] Say ‘or that the teacher had ever scolded (schelten) the little fellow (Bursche), when he had’, etc.

[15] to try one’s best, sich Mühe geben.

[16] to get one’s lesson = to learn one’s lesson, seine Lektion erlernen.

[17] Say ‘and had not learnt it well’, and supply the adverb doch (nevertheless) after the objective pronoun ‘it’. For the position of the verb see App. § 17.

[1] Use the 2nd pers. pl., and after the verb supply the adverb ‘ja’, which will be equivalent to the English ‘I am sure’.

[2] die Pfarrer, before which supply the conj. daß. Have to = must; to find out, aus´findig machen; all — David = all (S. 3, N. 7) that relates (sich beziehen) to (auf) such men as David.

[3] Say ‘to (S. 19, N. 7) be convinced, that’, etc. Just — you, wie ihr.

[4] The auxiliaries ‘to have’ and ‘to be’ followed by the infinitive of another verb, must generally be rendered by the auxiliary verb of mood ‘müssen’; as—I have to do it, Ich muß es thun.

[5] fast, adv.; see S. 5, N. 2.

[6] The subject ‘he’ must immediately follow the conj. ‘that’.

[7] as you do, wie ihr.

[8] that he became (werden) ill; ‘and — sorry’, say ‘felt (empfinden) bitter repentance’.

[9] ‘to take’, here ein´nehmen.

[10] Here follows the pron. ‘it’.

[11] wie ihr es hoffentlich auch nicht wieder thun werdet.

[1] Hier wollte ich nun sehen.

[2] what sort of, was für ein.

[3] werden.

[4] sich bemühen.

[5] just under the window of my study.

[6] Here follow the words ‘on Friday afternoon’.

[7] Supply here the prep. ‘at’, um.

[8] The English ‘home’, after a verb denoting motion, must be rendered by nach Hause, and ‘at home’, after a verb denoting rest, by zu Hause.

[9] the matter is, es giebt, verb impers. Use the Present of the Subj., according to App. § 32.

[10] The auxiliary verb of mood ‘wollen’ expresses wish and want; as—

[11] neben einander.

[12] to knock down, zu Boden schlagen.

[13] The noun ‘boy’ need not be repeated here.

[14] Supply here the adverb ‘about’ (umher).

[15] to get up, auf´stehen.

[16] What ... for = Why. Use the 2nd pers. sing.

[17] Upon this, S. 44, N. 4.

[18] Supply here the conj. daß. Read carefully § 36 of the App., and construe accordingly. Use the Pluperfect Subj. in both clauses, and observe that the verb gehen always requires the auxiliary sein. See S. 29, N. 3.

[19] noch einmal.

[20] away towards home = home.

[1] that — him, der ihm nicht gewachsen war.

[2] the pron. ‘he’ is used demonstratively in this clause.

[3] Say ‘because he can strike a small boy so’.

[4] those = the.

[5] To render ‘ought’, use the Imperf. of ‘sollen’.

[6] Say ‘because they stand by (dabei´stehen) and look at it (es mit an´sehen)’.

[7] such a thing, etwas Aehnliches. The adv. ‘once’ must stand immediately after the verb.

[8] Bube, m.

[9] lad, Bursche, m. The clause ‘who — father’ may be briefly rendered by the adj. ‘fatherless’, which place before ‘lad’.

[10] mit geballter Faust.

[11] When the verb ‘to think’ is used in the meaning of ‘to be of opinion’, it must be rendered by ‘glauben’, and when it is used in the meaning of ‘to be engaged in thinking’, by ‘denken’.

[12] The conj. ‘if’ must always be rendered by ‘wenn’.

[13] any boy = any (irgend) one of you.

[14] Render the words ‘were to see’ by the Imperf. Subj. of sehen.

[15] aus´rufen.

[16] to use = to abuse, miß´handeln.

[1] Lebensbeschreibung, f. The Genitive relation must be expressed by the Gen. of the def. art. See S. 10, N. 2. Proper names are not inflected when they are preceded by an article and a common name.—Dr. William Ellery Channing, berühmter amerikanischer Geistlicher und Schriftsteller, wurde im Jahre 1780 zu Newport auf Rhode-Island geboren und starb im Jahre 1842 zu Bennington in Vermont. Seine zahlreichen ausgezeichneten Schriften haben seinen Namen auch in europäischen Kreisen berühmt gemacht. Coleridge, dessen Bekanntschaft er machte, als er im Jahre 1822 England besuchte, war so sehr von ihm eingenommen, daß er ausrief: ‘He has the love of wisdom, and the wisdom of love!’

[2] Use the Perfect. See S. 48, N. 2.

[3] a great deal = much.

[4] lived in = belonged to, an´gehören, which governs the dat.

[5] Substitute the adverb noch for the indef. art.

[6] See S. 64, N. 7.

[7] best and most tender-feeling.

[8] Say ‘of whom I have ever heard’.

[9] Say ‘how good, tender and true he was’.

[10] voll von erst soeben aus der Schale gekrochenen Vögeln.

[11] Use the Perfect.

[12] To avoid repetition, turn the words ‘a — shell’ by ‘such (so) young little birds’, and render ‘little birds’ by forming a diminutive of Vogel.

[13] zart.

[14] Dingerchen.

[15] Say ‘almost as naked as an oyster’.

[16] ‘to gape’, here den Schnabel auf´sperren.

[17] very — do, fast wie ihr den Mund aufsperrt.

[18] to preach a sermon, eine Predigt halten.

[1] Supply here the conj. daß.

[2] Say ‘What did he therefore (also) do?’

[3] stracks.

[4] holte sich.

[5] and — that, und von da an.

[6] so bald er von der Schule nach Hause gekommen war.

[7] This passage will read more elegantly by beginning with the conj. ‘when’, which must be followed by the subject ‘he’. ‘But’ should then be rendered by jedoch, which takes the third place.

[8] nach.

[9] das Männchen.

[10] jammern; on = upon.

[11] das Weibchen.

[12] sich bemühen.

[13] Use the Perf. Subj. according to App. §§ 28 and 30.

[14] daß er eine so gemeine Grausamkeit nie begehen könne.

[15] In subordinate clauses, the subject stands in most cases immediately after the conjunction or relative pronoun.

[16] im Gegenteil. See S. 15, N. 3.

[17] und jammerten weiter.

[1] Say ‘This was (supply here the adv. also = now) little Channing’s character’. Comp. S. 12, N. 2.

[2] The auxiliary verb of mood ‘wollen’ corresponds to the English ‘to be going’ or ‘to be on the point’, followed by the infinitive of another verb. Comp. S. 6, N. 4.

[3] ‘One’ following an adjective or a pronoun, and representing a noun understood, is not to be translated; as—Which pen shall I give you,—this one or that one? Welche Feder soll ich Ihnen geben,—diese oder jene?

[4] der böse Bube.

[5] full grown, ausgewachsen.

[6] in der That, which place after the verb.

[7] Render ‘in the’ by the gen. of the def. art.

[8] Use the dat. of the demonstr. pron. der; ‘boy’, here Bube.

[9] ever so much, ich weiß nicht wie viel.

[10] Use the Perfect according to S. 48, N. 2.

[11] I did, das habe ich gethan.

[12] züchtigen.

[13] ‘to go in’, here in den Kampf treten.

[14] he — life, in seinem Leben, daß er sich schlug.

[15] Place the conj. ‘but’ after the subject, and, for the sake of emphasis, repeat the pron. ‘I’ after the rel. pron. ‘der’, which must introduce the next clause.

[16] ‘in’, here auf.

[17] never ... at all, nie.

[1] ‘man’, here Bursche.

[2] The adverb cannot precede the Imperative in German. ‘To fight’, here sich schlagen.

[3] to help = to avoid.

[4] Render ‘but’ by jedoch, which place immediately after the verb.

[5] to stand by quietly, müßig dabei stehen.

[6] Theodore Parker, berühmter amerikanischer Geistlicher und Gelehrter, wurde im Jahre 1810 zu Lexington in Massachusetts geboren und starb im Jahre 1860 zu Florenz, wo er sich seiner Gesundheit wegen aufhielt. Durch seine ausgezeichnete Gelehrsamkeit, große Willenskraft und seltene Menschenliebe übte er auf seine Zeitgenossen einen bedeutenden Einfluß aus, namentlich aber in Bezug auf die Befreiung der Sklaven, deren Sache er oft mit Gefahr seines Lebens und seiner Freiheit verteidigte.

[7] and — right, und sie traten als Sieger aus dem Kampfe hervor, weil sie für das Recht in den Kampf traten.

[8] Use the noun ‘lions’ with the def. art., but not the noun ‘steel’.

[9] ‘kind’ here = feeling.

[10] zerstören.

[11] See S. 19, N. 7, and supply the prepositional adverb damit before the object.

[1] Schnelle Geschäftserledigung.

[2] Use the 2nd pers. sing. Personal and Possessive Pronouns used in letters, and referring to the person addressed, require a capital initial in German.

[3] to beware of stumbling over a propensity, sich hüten, einem Hange zu verfallen. See S. 1, N. 3, and S. 34, N. 10.

[4] beschleichen.

[5] from the habit, wenn Du Dich daran gewöhnst.

[6] ‘to employ’, here aus´füllen.

[7] Supply here the pronominal adverb damit.

[8] bezeichnend.

[9] Zeitvergeudung.

[10] was.

[11] is to be done = must be done. See S. 62, N. 4, and S. 2, N. 1.

[12] choose your hours of recreation (Erholungsstunde, f.).

[13] business = work, which use with the def. art.

[14] it = the same.

[15] to be under march, auf dem Marsch begriffen sein.

[16] to be thrown in confusion, in Unordnung geraten.

[17] The verb must be in the singular after a collective noun in the singular.

[18] ‘to move’, here fort´marschieren.

[19] gleichmäßig.

[20] Say ‘And so it is likewise (auch) with business (Arbeit)’.

[21] If — hand, Wenn die gerade vorliegende Arbeit.

[22] stetig.

[23] erledigen.

[24] other — accumulate, so häufen sich inzwischen andere Sachen an.

[25] die Arbeiten, after which place the words ‘all at once’, alle auf einmal. For the place of the verbs see App. § 19.

[26] can — confusion, der Verwirrung gewachsen ist.

[1] Ueber Parfümerien.

[2] Say ‘the great enjoyment which the smell (Duft, m.) of sweet (wohlriechend) flowers affords (gewähren) us’. Place the pron. ‘us’ immediately after the rel. pron.

[3] is — perfumery = explains sufficiently (zur Genüge) our love for perfumery.

[4] to pass away, verwelken.

[5] Wohlgeruch, m.

[6] as — can, so lange wie möglich. For the position of the verbs see App. § 19.

[7] to succeed, gelingen, v. intr. (used with sein), governs the dative of the person; as—

Construe the above clause accord. to the preceding example; perfumer, Parfümeur.

[8] ‘perfume’, here = scent, Duft, m.

[9] The relat. clause ‘which — plant’ is best rendered by the attributive construction, as explained in S. 48, N. 6; peculiar, eigentümlich.

[41]

[10] odorous, wohlriechend; its own particular oil, ihr besonderes Öl. The clause ‘almost — oil’ must be construed accord. to S. 30, N. 4.

[11] of — importance = still more important.

[12] Say ‘which one calls essential (ätherisch) or volatile (flüchtig) oils’.

[13] to become volatile, sich verflüchtigen.

[14] when heated = when they are heated (erwärmen). Comp. S. 27, N. 7.

[1] fest; on the contrary, hingegen. See S. 15, N. 3.

[2] as olive or linseed-oil, wie das Oliven- oder Leinsamenöl. When two compound nouns which have the last component in common follow each other, the last component is generally omitted in the first noun, which is connected with the next one by means of hyphens.—To evaporate, sich verflüchtigen.

[3] Dies läßt sich auf folgende Weise leicht beweisen.

[4] Turn the Passive Voice here into the Active Voice by means of the pron. man, as explained in S. 4, N. 4.

[5] ‘to leave’, here = to leave behind; it = this.

[6] The passage ‘which — disappear’ may be briefly rendered, thus: ‘which does not disappear before the fire’. See S. 32, N. 11.

[7] Reverse the order of the first two words in this clause.

[8] any = a.

[9] Consequently = therefore, also, which place after the subject ‘we’.

[10] to obtain, gewinnen; the essence (as a Nom.), der der Pflanze eigentümliche Wohlgeruch.

[1] Über den tierischen Instinkt.

[2] This clause requires a different rendering; let us say ‘Darwin gives the following most (höchst) curious example of a change of the animal instinct’. The last noun requires the def. art., as explained in S. 3, N. 2.

[42]

[3] to carry over, hinü´berbringen. The Perfect Participle qualifies the noun ‘bees’. According to S. 7, N. 3, the words ‘carried — Isles’ may be rendered either by the attributive construction or by forming of them a relative clause. I venture to propose the use of the attributive construction as the more elegant of the two modes of rendering, and more especially in order to avoid a repetition of subordinate clauses.

[4] When the preposition ‘to’, in connection with a verb denoting motion, stands before the names of countries, towns, islands, etc., it must be rendered by ‘nach’.

[5] Here follow the words ‘after — year’, to lay up honey, einen Vorrat von Honig an´sammeln.

[6] See S. 41, N. 6; it = this; not useful, nicht mehr von Nutzen.

[7] materials — plentiful, Materialien zur Honigbereitung in solchem Überflusse vorhanden.

[8] auf´geben.

[9] prudent = cautious.

[10] merkantilisch.

[11] unmäßig.

[12] to eat up, auf´zehren.

[13] und sich daran ergötzten. For rendering the passage ‘by — blacks’ see S. 1, N. 3. To fly about, umschwär´men, v. tr.

[14] The — is, Es ist eine ausgemachte Thatsache.

[15] Here follows the subject ‘you’ (comp. S. 66, N. 15), which translate by the impers. pron. man.

[16] by — animals, durch Versetzung der Tiere, i.e. by a removal of the animals. In = into; different = other.

[17] Here follows the object and its attributes, ‘their original (angeboren) propensities (Trieb, m.)’.

[18] may = can; reverse, in entgegengesetzte Richtungen leiten.

[19] Lazaro Spallanzani, berühmter italienischer Anatom und Naturforscher, geb. 1729, † 1799.

[20] to bring up, groß ziehen.

[21] bei.

[22] mit.

[1] Use the auxiliary verb of mood ‘lassen’ as a translation of ‘to order’, ‘to command’, and ‘to cause’, when these verbs are connected with the auxiliary ‘to be’ and the Past Participle of another verb; as—

[2] Supply here the adverb auch.

[3] Puffendorfs Beiträge zur europäischen Staatenkunde.

[4] an´vertrauen.

[5] überrei´chen; it = the same, which must agree with its antecedent ‘translation’.

[6] after, darauf.

[7] prüfen.

[43]

[8] bei.

[9] to change countenance, die Farbe wechseln.

[10] ‘to order’, here befehlen. See S. 48, N. 2.

[11] Say ‘Hereupon he opened (auf´schlagen) the original’.

[12] Schärfe, f.; had spoken ... of = had expressed himself (sich aus´sprechen) ... about.

[13] verrichten.

[14] Inverted construction.

[15] belehren.

[16] reformieren; the prep. zu must be repeated before this verb.

[1] Use the 2nd pers. sing.

[2] Say ‘and how it excelleth in (an) beauty the eye of every other creature!’ The words ‘in beauty’ should be placed before the verb.

[3] All of us, wir alle; all of them, sie alle; all of you, ihr (or Sie) alle. Render the words ‘must have’ by ‘have certainly’. The p. p. should be placed after ‘eagle’.

[4] sich vergrößern.

[5] sich verkleinern.

[6] as = according as, je nachdem.

[7] or deserts it = or not.

[8] forschend.

[9] Perlenauge.

[10] im Mauseköpfchen.

[11] das einem Edelsteine gleichende Auge.

[12] Say ‘which lets us forget the ugliness of the toad’.

[13] which — the = in the.

[14] There are these ... full = These ... are full. Full of, voller.

[15] im Auge des Menschen jedoch liegt eine alles übertreffende Pracht.

[1] ‘to realise’, here = to comprehend, begreifen. The object ‘this’ may be emphasized by being placed at the head of the clause. Fully only, erst ganz.

[2] Say ‘when we look upon (betrachten) the face (Antlitz, n.) of our loved ones (unserer Lieben)’.

[3] Es sind.

[4] anblicken.

[5] and which we recall (sich zurückrufen).

[6] are far away, fern von ihnen weilen.

[7] a blank = expressionless.

[8] Supply here the adj. ‘individual’ (einzeln).

[9] lauschen.

[10] Say ‘the eye frowns (zürnen, i.e. to look angry)’.

[11] Say ‘the eye is sad’.

[12] Gemütsstimmung, f.

[13] to — it, dahin zu strömen.

[14] ‘it’, here = the same.

[15] ja, darin aufzugehen.

[16] as if ... was, als wäre; a man’s eye = the eye of a man.

[17] as if it had, als hätte es.

[18] a personality of its own = a self-dependent personality.

[19] as if it was, als wäre es.

[1] Ein Tanz zur Leichenfeier.

[2] were beating = were being beaten. See S. 2, N. 1. To beat a drum, eine Trommel rühren.

[3] horns (were) blowing = horns resounded (ertönen).

[4] Say ‘and one saw all (alles) people run in (nach) one direction.

[5] sich an´schließen, which requires the dat.

[6] in the midst, inmitten, which requires the gen.

[7] entertainment = festivity.

[8] grotesk.

[9] ‘to get up’, here aus´staffieren.

[10] ‘skin’, here Fell, n., of which form a compound expression with the pl. of the nouns ‘leopard’ and ‘monkey’, as explained in S. 71, N. 2.

[11] were suspended = hung; from = von ... herab.

[12] to be strapped, mit einem Riemen befestigt sein; ‘upon’ here an.

[13] schellen; to — dance, während des Tanzens zum Takte.

[14] auf.

[15] style = manner.

[16] created = made.

[17] Say ‘which was (Passive) still heightened’, according to S. 7, N. 3, B.

[18] Use the gen. of the def. art.

[19] ‘nogaras’—which use in its unaltered form in German—are a kind of drum.

[20] notes = sounds.

[21] wore ... suspended = had ... hanging; ‘round’, here an.

[45]

[22] To render ‘antelope’s horn’ form a compound noun of the pl. of the noun ‘antelope’ and the singl. of the noun ‘horn’. Comp. S. 36, N. 7, A, B, and C, and mark further:

A. Although the first component of Compound Nouns is generally in the singular, some require the plural; as—Kinderstube, f., nursery; Bildergallerie, f., picture-gallery.

B, 1. The first component takes sometimes one of the genitive inflections s, es, n, en, or ens, according to the declension it belongs to; as—Königsmantel, m., royal mantel; Tageslicht, n., day-light; Heldenmut, m., heroism; Friedensliebe, f., love of peace.

2. We find, however, the terminations s or es used as a connecting link between the two components for the mere sake of euphony, even in cases where the first component is a feminine noun; this is more especially the case when the first component is in itself a compound expression, when it has one of the derivative suffixes heit, ing, ling, keit, schaft, tum, ung, or when it is a noun of foreign origin terminating in ion, at, and ät; as—Geburtstag, m., birthday; Hochzeitsgeschenk, n., wedding present; Weisheitslehre, f., philosophy; Religionsduldung, f., toleration; Universitätsgericht, n., university court.

C. In a few compound nouns we find one of the euphonic terminations e, er, and l used as a connecting link between the two components; as—Tagewerk, n., day’s work; Aschermittwoch, m., Ash-Wednesday; Heidelbeere, bilberry.

D, 1. When the first component consists of the stem of a verb, it is often joined to the second component without a connecting link; as—Schreibbuch, n., copy-book.

2. Sometimes a euphonic e is used as a connection link; as—Zeigefinger, m., forefinger; Haltepunkt, m., place of stopping.

[23] in — excitement = in the highest excitement.

[1] Der im voraus erteilte Ablaß.

[2] Johann Tezel (eigentlich Diezel) wurde um 1460 zu Leipzig geboren, trat 1489 in den Dominikanerorden, ward 1502 vom Papst zum Ablaßprediger bestellt, später zum apostolischen Kommissar ernannt und mit dem Ablaßhandel in Sachsen betraut, zog sich jedoch, von Luther seit dem 31ˢᵗᵉⁿ Oktober 1517 wegen seiner unverschämten Anmaßungen bekämpft, in das Paulinerkloster zu Leipzig zurück, wo er im Jahre 1519 verstarb.

[3] ein´nehmen; a great deal of, eine Masse. Construe accord. to App. § 5.

[4] ranks = classes; people, Bevölkerung, f., see S. 3, N. 2.

[5] ‘to put a question to somebody’ here = to ask somebody.

[6] I propose to use the 2nd pers. pl. in this case, and to supply the adverb auch after the pron.

[7] a — future = which one only (erst) intends to commit. See App. § 19.

[8] unter, followed by the def. art.

[9] angemessen; to render ‘sum of money’ form a comp. n. of which the noun ‘money’ forms the first component and the noun ‘sum’ the last.

[10] actually = directly; to pay down, aus´zahlen.

[11] in return, dafür, which place after the verb.

[12] ‘diploma’, here Ablaßbrief, m.

[13] absolvieren. See S. 16, N. 4; unexplained, ungenannt.

[46]

[14] Not — after = Soon upon that. See S. 4, N. 5, B.

[15] to make inquiry respecting something, sich nach etwas erkundigen.

[16] ‘to travel’, here ein´schlagen.

[17] to wait in ambush for somebody, einen in einem Hinterhalte auf´lauern.

[18] the adverb dann must be placed after the object. To beat a person soundly with a stick, einen tüchtig durch´prügeln.

[19] Say ‘with empty chest (Kasten, m.)’, which place immediately after the object.

[20] und rief ihm beim Abschied noch zu.

[21] ‘fault’, here = sin.

[22] Supply here the adverb schon.

[1] Use the 2nd pers. pl.; whatever = all that; see S. 3, N. 7.

[2] schön.

[3] In no place = Nowhere.

[4] more weight = greater influence.

[5] Remember this = Think (2nd pers. pl.) of it; see S. 4, N. 5, B.

[6] bitten.

[7] Der (m. sing.), die (f. sing.), and die (pl.) must be used as relative pronouns in reference to a personal pronoun of the first or second person of either number, and also in reference to the personal pronoun of the third person plural (Sie) used instead of the second person plural. For the sake of emphasis the personal pronoun is frequently repeated after the relative pronoun, and the verb must then agree with the personal pronoun, as the following examples will show.

Construe the clauses ‘who — forms’ accordingly; to get into the upper forms, in die obern Klassen versetzt werden.

[8] Say ‘The time has [is] come’; when, wo.

[9] may have = exercise (aus´üben) likely.

[10] Say ‘more good or evil influence upon (auf) the company surrounding you (Eure Umgebung)’.

[11] have = exercise.

[12] Say ‘Be therefore manly’.

[13] ‘to speak out’, here gerade und frei heraus´sprechen; ‘to be popular’, here sich beliebt machen.

[14] When the following verbs are used in connection with another verb governed by them, that verb stands in the Infinitive without the preposition zu (Comp. S. 34, N. 10):

A. The auxiliary verbs of mood: dürfen, können, mögen, müssen, sollen, wollen, and lassen. (see Expl. 1.)

B. The verbs: bleiben, fahren, gehen, finden, fühlen, heißen (to bid, to command), helfen, hören, lehren (also with zu, Comp. S. 43, N. 10), lernen, machen, sehen, and reiten. (See Expl. 2.)

C. The verb haben in phrases like Expl. 3.

D. The verb thun followed by nichts. (See Expl. 4.)

[47]

Examples.

[15] the — higher = the moral tone of the same (gen.) will be a higher one (S. 67, N. 3).

[16] Supply here the adverb noch.

[17] an; remember that the p. p. ‘unborn’ is used as an adj. and qualifies the noun ‘generations’.

[18] Say ‘as well in evil as in good’.

[19] das Denken ist ihnen unbequem.

[20] Supply here the pron. ‘they’.

[21] fest bestimmt.

[1] Maßstab, m.; ‘of’, here für.

[2] bezeichnen, see S. 16, N. 4, and introduce the clause with the conj. und.

[3] schändlich und gemein.

[4] beständig.

[5] ‘It is’, here Es sind.

[6] tonangebend.

[7] diesem Maßstab unterworfen.

[8] zur Zeit.

[9] to = for.

[10] Supply here the rel. pron. ‘who’; to make the school a noble institution, aus der Schule eine sittliche Anstalt machen.

[11] to (S. 19, N. 7) educate Christian (christlichgesinnt) Englishmen.

[12] Stätte, f.

[13] ‘to get’, here sich an´eignen.

[14] hinaus´stoßen; use the First Conditional.

[15] his — streets = his fortune in (auf) the streets of London.

[1] Die Arbeit ist eine süße Trösterin.

[2] of — frost = that (S. 1, N. 3) their young peas were (S. 2, N. 1) destroyed by (durch, followed by the def. art.) frost.

[3] to call upon a person, einen besuchen.

[4] to condole with a person, einem sein Beileid bezeigen.

[5] I have been unfortunate, es ist mir unglücklich ergangen.

[6] Use the 2nd pers. sing.

[7] ever since = ‘the whole time’, which place after the auxiliary; ‘but fret’, als mich geärgert.

[8] kräftig.

[9] Saat, f.

[10] ‘to come up’ here hübsch grün aussehen.

[11] Was ist’s für eine?

[12] ei; it — peas = they are (es sind) young peas.

[13] Wie; coming up already? = and they look already so (supply hübsch) green?

[14] der Trauernde.

[15] sich ärgern.

[16] Say ‘I have worked’.

[17] auf´schieben.

[18] wieder gut machen.

[19] Schade, m.

[20] Richtig.

[21] Say ‘I find it better to work than to fret’.

[1] Use the noun with the def. art.

[2] Construe according to S. 55, N. 1, and use the Imperf. of the Passive Voice; by, von.

[3] The pron. er must be supplied here.

[4] genötigt; ‘to seek refuge’, here sich flüchten.

[5] zu´bringen.

[6] Say ‘When he awoke in the (am) morning’.

[7] hinauf´kriechen ... an; see S. 16, N. 4.

[8] Use the indef. art. instead of the def. art.

[9] auf den Boden fallen.

[10] zum zweiten Male.

[11] herun´terfallen, to avoid monotony.

[12] I succeed, es gelingt mir.

[13] The pron. sie must be supplied here.

[14] das oberste Ende.

[15] sich erheben.

[16] bescheiden.

[17] The Active Voice will read better in German.

[18] so = it.

[1] Use the gen. of the def. art.

[2] Use the attributive construction explained in S. 48, N. 6, and say ‘The by (von, followed by the def. art.) modern geology presented (auf´stellen) remarkable proofs of (von) a vast accumulation’, etc.

[3] erhitzt.

[4] matter = masses.

[5] Erdrinde, f.

[6] essential = necessary; to = for.

[7] ‘There is’ and ‘there are’, used in a general sense, are generally rendered by the impers. v. ‘es giebt’.

[8] Say ‘in the earth’s crust’.

[9] auseinan´derreißen.

[10] sogar.

[11] are = form.

[12] Here follow the words ‘of which’.

[13] verteilen.

[14] passages = openings.

[15] the — accumulating = the accumulation of the pent-up (ein´sperren) gases.

[16] Kraft, f.; enough, hinreichend, adj., to be placed before the noun ‘strength’.

[17] ‘and’ here ja. The verb ‘to rend into fragments’ (auseinan´derreißen, of which form the Supine, S. 1, N. 2) must of course be placed at the end of the whole passage.

[1] Render ‘there is’ by the Pres. of bestehen.

[2] Anstalt, f.

[3] ungefähr.

[4] Unterricht, m.

[5] Krämer.

[6] aus.

[7] saw = have seen. The auxiliary may be omitted, according to S. 52, N. 8.

[8] roh.

[50]

[9] This noun may be used in its unaltered form.

[10] Furcht haben.

[11] Ja, doch, which place before the words ‘he replied’.

[12] mistake = misunderstand.

[13] I — harm = I fear not that they will do her any harm (etwas zuleide thun).

[14] ‘to lick’, here = to kiss.

[15] worauf.

[16] befürchten.

[17] Say ‘a stranger’ could (Impf. Subj.) come in.

[18] not — place, unbekannt mit den Sitten dieser Anstalt.

[19] Impf. Subj.

[20] Ungehöriges.

[21] Supply here the object ‘das’.

[22] Haus.

[23] lebendig, before which supply the adverb ‘wieder’.

[1] most so near, und zwar am feuchtesten an.

[2] so = moist.

[3] je mehr.

[4] Say ‘To the great moisture of the air owe (verdanken) our trees chiefly their beautiful foliage and our fields and gardens their rich verdure, which by foreigners, who visit England, is praised so much’.

[5] The words ‘most (höchst) necessary’, qualifying the noun ‘things’, must precede it. Things = conditions.

[6] für.

[7] daher, adverbial conjunction, see App. § 24, B.

[8] an.

[9] Say ‘as (wie) one cannot find it (ihn)’.

[10] under — shores, an den sonnigen Küstenstrichen.

[11] mitunter.

[12] Windeswechsel, m.

[1] Say ‘The region (Bereich, m.) of the docks seems (erscheinen) almost boundless (unbegrenzt), and even when the visitor begins his course (Wanderung, f.) with ever so (mit einem noch so) definite a plan about (über) the direction he intends to pursue (die einzuschlagende Richtung, Comp. S. 48, N. 6), (so) he will constantly find himself allured (ab´lenken) from his path’. Supply the adverb doch before the adv. ‘constantly’.

[2] an etwas vorbei´gehen.

[3] aus der ihm ein köstlicher Wohlgeruch von Gewürzen entgegenströmt.

[4] hinein´gehen.

[5] besichtigen; the pron. ‘it’ must be rendered by the persnl. pron. of the 3rd pers. pl. to agree with its antecedent ‘Gewürze’.

[6] Am Ende.

[7] Lagerraum, m.

[8] an´füllen; for the constr. see S. 7, N. 3, B.

[9] bei näherer Besichtigung.

[10] Construe according to the following model: This proves to be false, dies erweist sich als falsch.

[11] von prächtiger Okerfarbe.

[12] Say ‘he recognises as heaps’.

[13] Der darüberliegende Lagerraum.

[14] an´füllen.

[15] Chinarinde.

[16] To render ‘preparation of quinine’ form a comp. n. of the corresponding German terms ‘quinine’ and ‘preparation’ (Bereitung); to use, verwenden.

[17] doch, adverbial conjunction, see App. § 24, B.

[18] Menge, f., only used in the sing.

[19] as — believe, daß es sich kaum glauben läßt.

[20] that — medicinally = it (to agree with Artikel) could (Pres. Subj.) only be used (benutzen) for (zu) medical purposes (Zweck, m.).

[1] In.

[2] Use the Active Voice with ‘man’, and say ‘one finds’. Comp. S. 4, N. 4. For the constr. see App. § 14.

[3] Nelkenpfeffer, m.

[4] Malakkarohr.

[5] zart.

[6] Seeohrmuscheln.

[7] The clause must commence with the words ‘of which’.

[8] ‘To pass out’ here = to leave, v. trans. Construe according to S. 55, N. 1.

[9] to find oneself, sich befinden.

[10] auf´hängen; at, in. Construe according to S. 7, N. 3, B.

[11] are — shipment, liegen zur Einschiffung bestimmte Waren.

[12] verschiedener Art.

[13] Einfuhrartikel.

[14] Use this noun in its unaltered form.

[15] Say ‘one or two loads of bricks’.

[16] scores of, eine Unzahl von.

[17] Dort sind. Comp. S. 82, N. 7.

[18] in zahlloser Menge.

[1] über das Schuldenmachen.

[2] ‘to hold’ here = to be of opinion, der Ansicht sein.

[3] Say ‘that debt (das Schuldenmachen) leads (Pres. Subj.; Comp. App. §§ 28 and 31) to ruin’.

[4] Say ‘What he says on (über) this subject (Gegenstand, m.) is important and worthy of our notice (Beachtung, f.)’.

[5] Place the words ‘said he’ at the end of the whole clause.

[6] When verbs and adjectives, governing a preposition, are used in a principal clause and are followed by a subordinate clause, either in the form of a supine (i.e. an infinitive with zu, see S. 1, N. 2) or beginning with a subordinative conjunction, the adverb da, in connection with the preposition required, is generally placed in the principal clause; as—

The verb sich gewöhnen requires the prep. an. Construe accordingly, and use the 2nd pers. sing.

[7] an inconvenience, als etwas Lästiges.

[8] Say ‘You will find that it leads to poverty’, see S. 3, N. 2.

[9] to take away, entzie´hen, after which supply the pron. uns (from us).

[10] and — inability = and makes us so often incapable.

[11] it is ... to be avoided = we must avoid it (to agree with Armut), see S. 62, N. 4.

[12] by — means, nach besten Kräften.

[13] Say ‘Beware therefore (sich hüten) of running into debt’. To run into debt, Schulden machen. Use the Supine according to S. 34, N. 10.

[14] sich etwas vor´nehmen.

[15] not — poor = not to get (geraten) into poverty.

[16] Say ‘However little (Wie gering, after which supply the adverb auch) thy income (Einnahme, f.) may be, lay up a part of the same (so lege doch einen Teil derselben zurück)’.

[17] Armut ist dem Glücke feind.

[18] einzelne.